RADICALLY RE-THINKING LENR (II)
MOTTO
The only possible effect one can have on the world is through unpopular ideas. (Vivienne Westwood)
I want to mention that yesterday it was a discussion about a concept - the Debye temperature- with smart questions and ambitious answers- I remembered how other concepts have evolved- the most striking example being acidity-basicity and I havr decide to add some iffyness to my story to admit it can be :hypothesis, myth, truth, lie, error simple statement unaided by facts.statement. Just hypocritically and diplomatically- I am convinced that I am right.
In LENR as everywhere, good things can be:
- outright impossible;
- possible but supplementary conditions are necessary;
- probable- with a lot of work to do;
- real but still erratic and unreliable sometimes,
- real, well manageable controllable can be scaled-up and diversified.
If you don't like my ideas, please evaluate the effort you have to make in order to think and believe the opposite. IF I am right in what I will say now, the consequences are quite serious.
I have started with this blasphemous statement- two days ago:
First statement
"Useful energy by deep interaction between hydrogen and metals appears in more forms; the first one was discovered by Fleischmann and Pons in an unmanageable system and it was necessary to invent other such systems in order to succeed as an energy source at a broad commercial scale.".
In other words PdD in electrolysis cells has no chances to become an energy technology, ever.
Dr. Edmund Storms- LENR VIP, reputed researcher, experimentalist author of the best and most useful LENR books and of many very instructive papers plus an old friend- Ed completely disagrees with this. LENR is D+D or H+H fusion, there is only one basic type of LENR, PdD knowledge is valid for all systems and the start point of development. "The NAE concept applies to Ni-H just as it does to Pd-D;nuclear reactions in both systems are equally rare and difficult to cause. Therefore, a special condition is required for them to occur. This special condition is defined as the NAE."
He does not think, it seems that it is some great trouble with PdD, as i am "insinuating".Just the LENR phenomenon is inherently rare and difficult to be triggered.
However, in a discussion following a more-than-interesting Icelandic achievement in LENR, I have re-emphasized the dynamic nature of the active sites-BTW best described here:
http://www.e-catworld.com/2014/07/29/peter-gluck-on-the-differences-between-lenr-and-lenr/ published a year ago.
But the second statement, supporting the first is extremely pernicious in a sense- if true!
Second statement
For any LENR system there exists a usability range, between the Debye temperature and the melting temperature of the metal- it is possible to convert it in a technology by supplementary engineering methods.
The more tragic aspect is the following- below the Debye- critical- temperature- the respective LENR system is really not controllable, it is primitive, in a larvar state, underdeveloped. Then. horribile dictu! using the know-how from the FP cell to solve the problems of the Hot Cat would be like hiring consultants from Burkina Faso or Benin to improve the economical-social systems from, say, Norway or the US. Strictly technologically speaking.
The Debye temperature of nickel is 179 C, that of palladium 275 C; if what I claim here is true (because the active sites are generated by dynamism and are dynamic themselves, as nano-vortexes) then ... please formulate your conclusion as you wish.
BUT do not worry (yet) Edmund Storms disagrees completely with my idea.
This idea is based on your theory and not on experiment observation. I know of no well documented study that supports this conclusion
I have explored electrolysis, gas loading, and gas discharge
extensively. I can tell you for a fact that LENR is rarely produced. This is
consistent with the experience of everyone else who has attempted to make it
occur. LENR is produced only when a very unusual condition is created,
generally by accident. Rossi's success has not changed this fact. He was
lucky to have discovered the conditions required in one system and then spent
two years finding out exactly how to control the conditions. No one hasa
successfully duplicated his results, including the several studies using LiAlH4+Ni.
The basic difficulty in causing LENR is one of the essential characteristics of
the phenomenon that needs to be included in any explanation. Failure to
correctly identify why this is true has lead theoretical understanding
into unproductive dead ends.
The high temperature is not a necessary condition. The same effect could be achieved by creating more NAE. As I have proposed, the amount of power is related to the amount of NAE combined with the rate at which the fuel (H or D) can get to the NAE. This is exactly like conditions in a gasoline engine. The number of cylinders represents the number of NAE and the rate at which the gasoline can get into the cylinders controls the rate of power production. In the case of LENR, temperature is only the throttle.
The high temperature is not a necessary condition. The same effect could be achieved by creating more NAE. As I have proposed, the amount of power is related to the amount of NAE combined with the rate at which the fuel (H or D) can get to the NAE. This is exactly like conditions in a gasoline engine. The number of cylinders represents the number of NAE and the rate at which the gasoline can get into the cylinders controls the rate of power production. In the case of LENR, temperature is only the throttle.
Who is right? Isn't the active site dynamic, after all? I think the answer is important because Rossi's dominance is delaying the Great Energy Revolution and his competitors need an efficient research strategy.
DAILY NEWS
This reminds me of the undisclosed mystery of Solar Hydrogen Trends?1) Investigation of an integrated hydrogen production system based on nuclear and renewable energy sources: Comparative evaluation of hydrogen production options with a regenerative fuel cell system
Mehmet F. Orhan, ,
Binish S. Babu
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, American University of Sharjah, PO Box: 26666, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
Received 3 May 2014, Revised 1 June 2015, Accepted 3 June 2015, Available online 13 July 2015
Abstract
Hydrogen has risen as a sustainable and efficient energy carrier option in reducing environmental pollution, and is seen as a potential solution for the current energy crisis. Hydrogen production via water decomposition is a potential process for direct utilization of nuclear thermal energy to increase efficiency and thereby facilitate energy savings. While many of the available renewable energy resources are limited due to their reliability, quality, quantity and density, nuclear energy has the potential to contribute a significant share of energy supply with very limited impacts to climate change. The proposed model in this study is an integrated hydrogen production system combining both nuclear and solar energy sources. This integrated system includes storage of hydrogen and its conversion to electricity by a regenerative fuel cell system when needed. There are many matured water splitting processes that can be linked with the nuclear and solar energy sources to decompose water to its constituents, among which is hydrogen. In this regard, a comparative study is carried out to evaluate an optimal and feasible hydrogen production/storage process with a regenerative fuel cell that can be linked to this integrated system. Studies conducted here on hydrogen production processes show the thermochemical water decomposition to be the better option for producing hydrogen, comparing to electrolysis, due to its high efficiencies and low costs. Energy and exergy efficiencies of various hydrogen production processes, and fuel cell systems are evaluated and compared. Also, a parametric study is conducted on these efficiencies to see the effect of various operating conditions.
2) The market for heat
http://www.e-catworld.com/2015/07/17/the-market-for-heat/
3) Maybe we should suggest a LENR (Low Energy Nuclear Reaction ) power source would be more in vogue
https://draft.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=326167780677397310#editor/target=post;postID=1307780642580371029;onPublishedMenu=allposts;onClosedMenu=allposts;postNum=0;src=link
AX IL DIXIT
About the Icelandic achievment:
The Sveinn Ólafsson news can reveal some insights into the LENR reaction. The LENR reaction produced by the LASER pulse is different from the Rossi reaction because it produces high energy protons rather than thermalized heat energy. This explosive reaction looks like the reaction that produces pressure in the Papp engine and is without heat. It is unlikely that this Leif Holmild reaction is a hot fusion reaction. It is more likely a reaction based on quantum mechanical entanglement and coherence in a aggregation of hydrogen crystals.
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/
Note the pictures of the Rydberg matter in the figures at the end of this paper
F. Winterberg, University of Nevada, Reno, has a reaction mechanism that I like a lot. It is based on a electron vortex and a Bose Einstein condensate(BEC) being imposed on the ultra dense hydrogen crystals of Rydberg matter. But unlike F. Winterberg thinking, I believe that the LASER pulse produces the BEC over the area that it irradiates.
See
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/
After the LASER pulse, a very large number of high energy protons up to 14 MeV are detected and measures by test equipment, Up to 10^7 in number. That number exceeds any number of atoms that can be found in a rydberg crystal. The LASER must set up a BEC that covers a large number of individual Rydberg crystals.
Where the aggregation of crystals form a BEC, they become entangles and coherent. They act as a superatom. The laser changes the nature of the electrons into polaritons that form a vortex ring that reposition deuterium ions(protons, neutrons) at its center, These ions combine because they are so close in terms of QM entanglement; not PHYSICAL LOCATION. The deuterium atoms are separated physically, but overlap quantum mechanically. When the LASER pulse is complete, the superposition of the protons is resolved and the energy of the fusion of deuterium ions is imparted to the millions of protons in the QM core of the aggregation. But what makes the difference now, the LASER beam is not capable of connecting the region of positive vacuum energy with the associated negitive vacuum energy region so the energy produced by fusion is not thermalized over the population of polaritons. The LASER produces entanglement and not the polaritons so the polaritons do not get the energy, and the polaritons do not thermalize the energy from fusion.
The important point to understand is that actual location of the deuterium atoms does not matter, the BEC moves all the atoms via the 5th dimension so that their wave forms all overlap.
The formation of the BEC makes the LASER more powerful to induce fusion than does all the power produced in the National Ignition Facility, or NIF. There, a laser beam of 500 terawatt (TW) peak flash of light cannot produce fusion in dueterium. But with rydberg matter of deuterium, fusion using a laser is easy.
On the other hand, the Sveinn Ólafsson’s reaction is the Rossi reaction where potassium doped iron oxide produces the polariton vortexes the catalize the fusion of deuterium and thermalize the nuclear energy of that fusion into heat.
I would expect that the laser fusion method per the Leif Holmild reaction should produce nuclear radiation because of the 3 and 14MeV protons it produces. Holmild does not mention this in his paper. The Holmild reaction is much like what Joe Papp produced to drive his pistons. This type of reaction would be ideal for producing pumping power for water desalinization by reverse osmosis that is so important to install in massive numbers to save the huge investment that has been made in California and the other drought affected areas in California, throughout the western United States, and throughout major regions throughout the dry parts of the world.
ReplyDeleteAs per the Joe Papp experience, a electric arc explosion might replace the laser in triggering the reaction. This would make the Holmild reaction more cost competitive with the Rossi reaction when conversion to mechanical tork for driving a high pressure pump is taken into account.