Guest Editorial by AXIL
AXIL
Motto
Ophelia get thee to a nanoplasmonery, go!
(conclusion of a discussion with reader Ophelia Rump, at Ecat World)
Foreword
After 5 years of thinking
about Cold Fusion, I have concluded that only Homo Faber can help Homo sapiens
to win in this field. After 25 years, this idea had been reinforced- no alternative
to a LENR working energy generator exists. However Homo Sapiens fully deserve
to be helped- he is discovering wonderful NEW things, Science is alive, well, and
creative, it is great!
This editorial written by
Axil is a perfect example of the unstoppable scientific progress.
EDITORIAL
LENR, the third way
A nuclear reaction occurs
when a sufficient quantity of energy is applied to the nucleus/nuclei.
Nuclear fission: in
splitting the atom, the initiating energy is found mostly in the energized and
unstable uranium nucleus, where the free neutron is the final feather that
triggers the release of potential energy upon entering that nucleus to tip the
energy balance beyond the threshold of nuclear disruption.
Nuclear fusion (hot): fusion of stable elements, all the energy of
disruption must come from outside the nucleus since those nuclei are all
usually in their lowest energy state. In a fusion reaction, a high energy laser
or a bank of superconducting magnets supplies the huge amounts of energy
provided by a giant machine that is the size of a football stadium. This energy
is used to squeeze the hydrogen atoms together so that they bump into each
other so hard that they break through the electromagnetic shell that keeps the
elements separate.
LENR is an alternative, new
way, something different from both fission and hot fusion; the conundrum is
where all that required disruptive energy comes from, and usually from a
microscopic structure that is too small to be even seen. The problem is how to
control this disruptive energy
The key concept that
explains this mystery of LENR is extreme energy concentration at
the atomic level and its precise focusing on a small volume of space.
This energy concentration
mechanism is the primary engine of causation that underpins LENR in all its
many and varied guises.
The next question that
comes up is what can carry force into the nucleus? The answer: the force of
magnetism is that form of energy that projects disruptive energy into the
nucleus.
There are a number of
methods in LENR that first creates and then strengthens this magnetic force to
a power level sufficient to disrupt the nuclear binding force. To keep things
simple, we will restrict ourselves to the technology and the science used to
make the Ni/H reactor work. That science is called Nanoplasmonics.
The discovery and basics of
nanoplamonics
Nanoplasmonics is a very
new science. This science sprang into
existence from a technique of chemical analysis created by our Founding Father,
Martin Fleischmann in 1974- see please what says Greg Goble here:
This science took a turn
into optics some 19 years ago when Mark I. Stockman discovered that hot spots
developed in a pile of nanoparticles. Fast growing, diversification,
discoveries, applications have followed; now Nanoplasmonics is in a stage of
accelerated development. See this relevant paper for the basics:
or perform a fast search on Google Scholar.
Nanoplasmonics is a branch
of optical condensed matter science, devoted to optical phenomena on the
nanoscale in nanostructured metal systems. A remarkable property of such
systems is their ability to store the optical energy concentrated on the
nanoscale due to modes called surface plasmons (SPs).
This explanation and its
understanding are not easy. It requires us to grasp how heat, radiation and
electrons affect each other in the lattice and in the surrounding gas envelope.
This comprehension is vital to the control and mastery of the LENR
Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni/H) reactor.
One of the key concepts to
appreciate is resonance in all its many forms. It is a cornerstone of LENR. In
LENR, one instance of resonance builds on the next in a ladder of powerful
exponentially increasing interdependent processes of self-reinforcing
amplification. Surprisingly, these resonant processes affect just a few
critical parameters that drive the LENR reaction.
To get this description
started, the explanation of the LENR reaction begins with how the boundary
between a metal and an insulator forms a perfect mirror which confines light
and electrons within a few nanometers of the surface of the metal. When this
mirror is at its very best, very little light and electrons can escape to the far
field. The surface of the metal becomes a black hole for EMF where light and
electrons can enter but cannot escape.
Collective charge
oscillations at the boundaries between an insulating dielectric medium (such as
air or glass or in our example hydrogen) and a metal (such as gold, silver, and
copper or in our example nickel) are able to sustain the propagation of
visible-frequency electromagnetic waves (EMF) or in our case infrared EMF known
as surface-plasmon-polaritons (SPP).
SPPs are guided along metal-dielectric
interfaces much in the same way that light can be guided by an optical fiber,
with the unique characteristic of sub wavelength-scale confinement
perpendicular to the interface. In other words, the SPPs sticks like glue to
the metal surface.
An SPP is a strange and
wonderful form of EMF. An infrared light photon becomes part of the electron
when the energy of the two becomes equal. Being trapped together, because the
photon and the electron bounce around on the surface of the metal for so long,
the waveforms of both changes constantly under the influence of destructive
interference. This is called Fano resonance. Fano resonance is like a Cuisinart
for EMF. It chops and blends electrons and photons together until the EMF mix
contains only SPPs. In this blending process, SPPs acquire the most desirable
characteristics of both photons and electrons.
An SPP is now converted
from an electron: a fermion to a boson: a force carrier. Most of the mass and
the charge of the electron are lost in SPP formation but a very small amount of
mass remains. But the spin of the SPP is
increased to 1, which is the spin of the photon. The SPP now becomes a powerful
carrier of spin, the source of the atomic level magnetic field and it has lost
the charge that prevents concentration of electrons from occurring.
Now, the SPPs allow for an
unlimited concentration of spin carrying particles to accumulate at the surface
of the metal.
The spin of all those SPPs
must be given a coherent and productive form to be more effective. This is
accomplished by chopping the metal lattice into nano-sized pieces called
nana-particles. These particles are sized from 50nm to as small as 1 or 2
nm. Because they are so small, they
possess a huge curvature. In other words, they are very sharp. This extreme
curvature forces the SPPs to form a tight vortex current on the surface of one
of the sides of the nano-particle just like a big rock forms a vortex hole in a
river rapid.
Another type of resonant
wave is forms called a whispering gallery wave. This circular wave continues
the standardization of the wavelengths of the SPPs through more Fano resonance.
The end result is the formation of a lone spin wave with a single huge
amplitude at a single frequency in the extreme ultraviolet. Such a solitary
wave is called a soliton.
In the vortex flow of all
the SPPs, they will combine their individual wave forms into a single waveform
that projects the sum of their combined spin into a narrow beam axially located
and projecting normal to the direction of the vortex flow. That narrow beam of
spin is called an anapole magnetic field. The SPP soliton is also known as a
magnetic monopole.
Gold is the metal of choice
in nanoplasmonic experimentation. In Nanoplasmonics experimentation, a
concentration of EMF power is routinely observed in the gap between gold
nanoparticles demonstrating an EMF amplification factor of 10^^9.
The record of such observed
EMF application is a factor of 10^^15 or 100 trillion watts per cm2. That is
existing science mind you.
How does nanoplasmonics work in/for LENR.
How does nanoplasmonics work in/for LENR.
Now let’s think about the Ecat: if Rossi has succeeded in increasing that EMF application power by another 7 orders of magnitude, what would happen to the matter in the vicinity of that amplified EMF field?
The Ni/H reactor technology
has advanced power concentration over what can be produced by the spherical
gold particles in nanoplasmonic experiments through material and technological
improvements as follows:
1 - Rossi invented a
compound nickel micro particle comprised of a solid core with a nanowire
coating. This improvement increases EMF power amplification over anything that
Nanoplasmonics can provide.
2 - The use of dielectric
pressurized hydrogen instead of ambient air is another power amplification
improvement that has been added in the Ni/H technology. A strong dielectric
factor of pressurized hydrogen keeps the SPPs confined on the surface of the
nickel micro-particle.
3 – Rossi uses nickel which
is best suited for nanoplasmonic reactions involving infrared light. The
performance of the metal in the nanoplasmonic reaction is proportional to its
ability to reflect the light that powers the reaction. Gold and silver are good
at visible wavelengths, but are not so good at infrared light. Nickel is almost
a perfect reflector of infrared light and therefore best suited in reactions in
a hot Ni/H reactor. Nickel keeps the loss of light to a minimum by not
absorbing any.
4 - The size of the nickel
particles are also another improvement over nanoplasmonic technology. Five
microns is the resonant black body particle size that corresponds to optimum
dipole vibrations at 400C. Dipole thermal vibrations carried by one dimensional
ballistic superconductivity provided by nickel nanowires are the EMF energy
source that will be amplified by the other aforementioned power amplification
mechanisms to produce a magnetic soliton carrying 6*10^^23 electrons converted
into surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) through infrared photon entanglement.
This entanglement allows for massive packing of a huge numbers of spin carrying
particles into the magnetic soliton at the tip of each nanowire. In LENR+, this
is called static Nuclear Active Environment (NAE) because the soliton that each
nanowire produces is fixed and immovable at the tip of each nanowire. These NAE
provides a reaction bootstrap effect for the dynamic NAE described below.
What would such a
concentration of magnetic energy (10^^16 tesla) do to the matter in a few
nanometers of the projected anapole magnetic beam coming from the soliton? This
magnetic force is the biggest concentration of magnetism to be found in the
universe.
If a billion of these
solitons were entangled in a SPP Bose Einstein Condensate in a coherent power
grid (like a laser) with each member of the ensemble providing power to the each
individual reaction participant, what would be the result? I would guess a huge
projection of magnetic power that will disrupt the atomic forces enclosed in the
path of its beam.
To describe the SPP BEC in
more detailed terms, the SPP has another important advantage over the electron.
Because it is a force carrier, it is very social. And because of the Coulomb
barrier, the election is a loner and hates to crowd together. Because it is a
boson and very light, the SPP will readily form a Bose Einstein Condensate
(BEC) at very high temperatures. Most people think that a BEC can only be
formed at temperatures near absolute zero. This low temperature requirement is
only applicable because the very heavy atoms are used to form low temperature
BECs. Atoms are very heavy as condensates go. When a particle is almost
massless, its BEC can form at and then persist at extremely high temperatures.
Therefore, all the SPP solitons that reside inside the hot Ni/H reactor will
readily form into a BEC.
This condensate will
contribute to all the miracles associated with LENR. It will shield gamma
radiation by thermalizing it through a distribution to all the members of the
BEC. It will also lend energy to the soliton that decides to disrupt one or
more atoms. It acts as a power grid that connects all the solitons that have
formed inside the Ni/H reactor whereby these solitons share both incoming and
outgoing energy equitably.
I will end with a description
of the nuclear active environment (NAE) where the rubber meets the road in the
Ni/H reactor.
My understanding of the NAE
in the Ni/H reactor is informed by the way the Rossi reactor melts down.
It looks to me that there
is a two stage NAE process at play. We call these two NAE mechanisms static NAE
and dynamic NAE.
At initialization of the Ni/H
process, the reaction is first carried by the 5 micron nickel particles at the
time before the initiation of plasma formation. This powder is in a confined
volume but is comprised of many nano sized sources: nanowires that cover the
micro-powder. These nanowires produce a soliton at or near their tips. These
solitons are fixed to these tips, but they produce enough heat and soliton
coherence to start the BEC formation process. These solitons must be
periodically pumped by a plasma formation process that injects energy into the
solitons to make up for losses that are produced by dispersion. These LENR
structures are subcritical which means they need to be pumped vigorously to
retain their nuclear activity.
There is a stage of reactor
activity when dynamically formed NAE forms in the hydrogen envelope as a result
of nanoparticle formation through condensation of plasma produced by the
periodic plasma formation burst.
These nanoparticles will
gather under self-aggregation and begin to concentrate optical power. Similar
to the way a lightning bolt is formed, when the aggregation get big enough and
the magnetic power level is high enough, a nuclear reaction is initiated by the
projection of a magnetic beam into the surrounding hydrogen Rydberg crystals.
One or more atoms are disrupted and are reorganized into a new nuclear
configuration. The excess nuclear binding energy is fed back into the BEC power
connect and storage and the nanoparticle aggregation is partially or totally
destroyed.
The magnetic power that is
projected by the nanoparticle aggregate is proportional to the number of
nanoparticles in that aggregation.
Being subcritical, as more
and more nanoparticle aggregations are disassembled or destroyed, the Ni/H
starts to lose its ability to produce power.
The next plasma pulse will
rebuild the dynamic NAE at the beginning of the next power cycle. It will also
pump energy into the static NAE to reenergize them
If the Dynamic NAE is
overstimulated, its hell to pay and a positive feedback cycle begins in which
Dynamic NAE produce more new aggregations than are destroyed; and a reactor
meltdown results.
The meltdown has nothing to
do with the static NAE centered on the nickel micro particles which have melted
into a liquid early on in the meltdown process.
The positive feedback
meltdown loop will persist even in the face of an uncontrolled and accelerating
reaction for as long as the hydrogen envelope remains intact.
In summation, there are
many enabling details that I did not get into just so I could keep things
simple. But this subject is far from simple. In recent times I am coming to
believe that LENR is a critical part of science that is not appreciated and
could answer many of the profound mysteries that have come up in science. Let
us hope that level of LENR acceptance increases markedly in the very near
future.
No comments:
Post a Comment